Metabolic Sleep | The Longevity Vault

Does Your Gut Decide Whether Your NAD+ Supplement Works?

Gut bacteria perform the rate-limiting step in NAD+ precursor metabolism. Isotope-tracing studies show that orally ingested NR and NMN are not absorbed intact in large quantities. Instead, gut bacteria expressing the nicotinamidase enzyme (pncA) convert nicotinamide into nicotinic acid, which the liver then uses to synthesize NAD+ through the Preiss-Handler pathway. In germ-free mice lacking […]

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Can CoQ10 and PQQ Supplements Improve Your Sleep?

Randomized controlled trial evidence supports CoQ10 for sleep improvement at doses of 100-200 mg/day. A 2025 RCT found 100 mg/day CoQ10 improved sleep quality in six weeks (p

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Why Does Sleep Repair Your DNA — And Burn Through Your NAD+ to Do It?

Metabolic Sleep, Sleep & 3AM Wakeups / Kat Fu, M.S., M.S.

Sleep is when neurons repair DNA lesions that build up during wakefulness. The enzyme PARP1 detects DNA breaks, consumes NAD+ to initiate repair, and promotes sleep pressure to create the conditions repair requires. In zebrafish and mice, six hours of consolidated sleep reduced neuronal DNA lesions, and PARP1 inhibition reduced NREM sleep by 33%. This

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Do Your Mitochondria Control When You Sleep? and Why Does It Break Down After 40?

Metabolic Sleep, Sleep & 3AM Wakeups / Kat Fu, M.S., M.S.

Mitochondria generate the molecular pressure that makes you sleepy. A 2025 Nature study found that mitochondrial fragmentation and ATP accumulation in sleep-control neurons directly drive sleep onset — and that manipulating mitochondrial shape bidirectionally controls sleep duration. After 40, mitochondrial DNA copy number reductions, antioxidant defenses weaken, and the ROS (oxygen-derived molecules involved in redox

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Will Your Sleep Go Back to Normal When You Stop Ozempic?

Metabolic Sleep, Sleep & 3AM Wakeups / Kat Fu, M.S., M.S.

It depends on which type of sleep disruption you experienced. Drug-dependent effects — especially GI side effects and possible GLP-1-related arousal effects — would be expected to ease as semaglutide exposure declines over about five weeks. Dream changes are reported anecdotally, but PubMed-indexed evidence directly tying semaglutide to vivid dreams or nightmares is limited. Weight-dependent

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Does Your Body Divert Tryptophan From Melatonin to Make NAD+?

Metabolic Sleep, Sleep & 3AM Wakeups / Kat Fu, M.S., M.S.

Yes. About 95% of the tryptophan you consume goes to the kynurenine pathway, which produces NAD+ and other metabolites. Only 1-2% reaches the serotonin-to-melatonin route. During inflammation, an enzyme called IDO (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) diverts even more tryptophan away from melatonin production. Your body’s demand for NAD+ — especially during immune activation — reduces the raw

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Why Are You Exhausted But Can’t Sleep? Is It a Mitochondrial Energy Paradox?

Metabolic Sleep, Sleep & 3AM Wakeups / Kat Fu, M.S., M.S.

When mitochondria cannot produce enough adenosine triphosphate, every cell in your body registers an energy deficit — yet the molecular stress that deficit generates actively prevents restorative sleep. Stressd mitochondria release ROS and trigger stress-response proteins like WASF3, which block oxidative phosphorylation and change cells toward inefficient glycolysis. The result is a self-reinforcing loop: you

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Ozempic Nausea and Sleep: How Stomach Side Effects Keep You Awake at Night

Metabolic Sleep, Sleep & 3AM Wakeups / Kat Fu, M.S., M.S.

Semaglutide delays gastric emptying in a way that can leave more food in the stomach later after a meal. In one small trial of women with PCOS and obesity, semaglutide increased half-emptying time from 118 to 171 minutes, a roughly 45% increase. When you lie down to sleep, that retained gastric volume can make reflux

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Does Apigenin Protect Your NAD+ and Improve Sleep Through CD38 Inhibition?

Metabolic Sleep, Sleep & 3AM Wakeups / Kat Fu, M.S., M.S.

Apigenin is the only widely available compound that both inhibits CD38 — a primary driver of age-related NAD+ depletion — and modulates GABA-A receptors to promote sleep. In mice, apigenin raises intracellular NAD+ by blocking CD38’s enzymatic activity. In a large human epidemiological study (n=8,216), higher dietary intake of flavones — the subclass containing apigenin

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Ozempic Night Sweats: How GLP-1 Drugs May Affect Temperature at Night

Metabolic Sleep, Sleep & 3AM Wakeups / Kat Fu, M.S., M.S.

GLP-1 receptor agonists like semaglutide may contribute to night sweats through overlapping thermoregulatory pathways: autonomic effects that can sustain sympathetic activity, brown adipose tissue thermogenesis through hypothalamic GLP-1 pathways, and changes in the core body temperature drop that supports sleep onset. FDA pharmacovigilance data identifies hyperhidrosis as a statistically significant cutaneous adverse-event signal for the

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